by

by
[baɪ] 1. prep
1) (referring to cause, agent) przez +acc

killed by lightning — zabity przez piorun

surrounded by a fence — otoczony płotem

a painting by Picasso — obraz Picassa

2) (referring to method, manner, means)

by bus (etc) — autobusem (etc)

to pay by cheque — płacić (zapłacić perf) czekiem

by moonlight — przy świetle księżyca

by candlelight — przy świecach

by saving hard — oszczędzając każdy grosz

3) (via, through) przez +acc

he came in by the back door — wszedł tylnymi drzwiami

4) (close to)

she sat by his bed — usiadła przy jego łóżku

the house by the river — dom nad rzeką

5) (past) obok +gen, koło +gen

she rushed by me — przemknęła obok mnie

I go by the post office every day — codziennie przechodzę koło poczty

6) (not later than) do +gen

by 4 o'clock — do (godziny) czwartej

by the time I got here it was too late — zanim tu dotarłem, było już za późno

7) (amount)

paid by the hour — opłacany za godzinę

by the kilo/metre — na kilogramy/metry

8) (MATH) przez +acc

to divide by 3 — dzielić (podzielić perf) przez 3

9) (measure)

a room 3 metres by 4 — pokój o wymiarach 3 na 4 (metry)

it's broader by a metre — jest o metr szerszy

10) (according to) według +gen

to play by the rules — grać według zasad

it's all right by me — mnie to nie przeszkadza

11)

he did it (all) by himself — zrobił to (zupełnie) sam

12)

by the way — nawiasem mówiąc, à propos

this wasn't my idea by the way — nawiasem mówiąc, to nie był mój pomysł

by the way, did you know Claire was back? — à propos, czy wiesz, że Claire wróciła?

2. adv
1) See go, pass
2)

by and by — wkrótce, niebawem

by and by they came to a fork in the road — wkrótce dotarli do rozwidlenia dróg

they'll come back by and by — niebawem wrócą

3)

by and large — ogólnie (rzecz) biorąc

by and large I would agree with you — ogólnie (rzecz) biorąc, zgodziłbym się z tobą

* * *
1. preposition
1) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) obok, przy
2) (past: going by the house.) obok
3) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) przez
4) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) przez
5) (using: He's going to contact us by letter; We travelled by train.) przy pomocy, przez
6) (from; through the means of: I met her by chance; by post.) przez
7) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) do, przed (jakimś momentem)
8) (during the time of.) za
9) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) o
10) (used to give measurements etc: 4 metres by 2 metres.) na
11) (in quantities of: fruit sold by the kilo.) na
12) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) przez, z
2. adverb
1) (near: They stood by and watched.) blisko
2) (past: A dog ran by.) obok, niedaleko
3) (aside; away: money put by for an emergency.) na bok
- bypass 3. verb
(to avoid (a place) by taking such a road.) objeżdżać
- bystander
- by and by
- by and large
- by oneself
- by the way

English-Polish dictionary. 2013.

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